How to make motor traffic feel unwelcome

Utrecht has decided that the dominant types of transport in the old city centre should be cycling and walking. Streets which are due for maintenance are therefore reconstructed to reflect that policy. The newly reconstructed Domstraat and Korte Jansstraat show the city keeps word. These streets, which were clearly designed for the car in a different era, were changed into streets for people. This was done by drastically narrowing the main carriageway so the side walks could be widened significantly. The worn asphalt surface was removed and replaced by a much more friendly brick surface. Most parking spaces were removed as well. The area became a 30km/h zone and that means most traffic signs could be taken away. Before, the streets had priority over every side street and there were signs at every intersection to indicate that. In a 30km/h zone the priority is the default priority, which means that traffic from the right, so traffic coming from the side streets, has the right of way. Signs are not needed to indicate the default priority arrangement. All these measures combined send out the signal: motorists, you are a guest here, this is a people’s place now. The streets are optimised for walking and cycling.

Aerial view of the city centre of Utrecht with the remaining half of Dom cathedral and its detached tower in the front (the other half of the cathedral collapsed in a 1674 tornado). I have highlighted Domstraat and Korte Jansstraat. (Picture from the reconstruction plans from Utrecht municipality)

The two streets are a little over 13 metres wide (from one façade to the other) for the most part. The old carriageway was over 7 metres wide and with the added parking lane a total of 8.63 meters out of these 13 were reserved to motor traffic! That area was narrowed to just 5.5 metres. The new side walks are at least 3 metres wide, but 3.75 metres where possible. This creates room for a 1.5 metre wide area for outside seating for the many cafés and restaurants. Because many obstacles (such as the posts for traffic signs) could be removed, there is an open area to walk of at least 2.25 metres wide. This makes relaxed walking side by side possible. The height of the kerbs (curbs) is kept at only 5 centimetres to encourage crossing the streets where ever people would like to do that. This was done to enhance interaction between the two sides of the street. At the corners the already low kerbs are lowered further for people in wheel chairs, mobility scooters or with baby carriages.

Profile of Korte Jansstraat before and after the reconstruction. Much more space for pedestrians. The much narrower carriageway makes it easier to cross the street. This is allowed where ever people would like to cross it. (Picture from the reconstruction plans from Utrecht municipality)

People cycling share the road with the remaining motor traffic. Separated cycling infrastructure is not needed in a 30km/h zone with a drastically reduced volume of motor traffic. The speed is enforced by the design of the street. The narrow carriageway (without lane markings), having to brake to give traffic from the side-streets priority and the brick surface, force motor traffic to slow down in a way no sign could. The surface is smooth enough for cycling and the drainage system is kept out-of-the-way of the area where most people would be cycling.

How Korte Jansstraat was used before and after the reconstruction. The yellow streams of pedestrians get much more unobstructed space and are more important. (Picture from the reconstruction plans from Utrecht municipality)

So didn’t anyone object to the removal of 10 of the 12 parking spaces in these two streets? Oh yes, the merchants objected! Giuliano Mingardo, researcher of the Erasmus University of Rotterdam was present at a public hearing. “I witnessed a lively discussion between shop keepers and the municipality of Utrecht. It was about 10 parking spaces in a small shopping street. I said: People, the Utrecht city centre draws millions of visitors per year, your 10 parking spaces are of no significance.” The city removed all but two remaining parking spaces, which are reserved to people with disabilities.

Mingardo published the results of his researches last week. He investigated the shopping behaviour of 70,000 people in the Netherlands and found no connection whatsoever, between how much they bought, the parking fees and the parking possibilities. This was the case for smaller as well as for larger shopping areas. Another part of his investigations showed that merchants falsely believe over half their customers arrive by car. In reality the majority – 34% – arrived on foot, 26% came by public transport, 18% by bicycle and only 22% arrived by car. “This is not so strange,” said Mingardo, “because for over 60% of the people the main reason to visit a particular shopping area is the proximity to their homes”.

Mingardo has advice for the merchants: “It would be better if they invest their energy and resources in an improvement of the types of shops and in making their shopping areas more attractive. Leave the parking policies to those in charge.”

Still from the 2012 TV Series “Moeder ik wil bij de Revue” that was partly filmed in Domstraat. The story was set in the 1950s and the old-fashioned street design that was still there in 2012 was perfect to be used as a film set.

The same location in 2013, before the reconstruction, shows the line of parked cars that disappeared after reconstruction. Cars could only park on that side because there is a – one way – bus route on this side of the street.

In the 2014 situation, after reconstruction, the side walk has been widened (only a bit on this side, but very much so on the right hand side) and the parked cars have completely disappeared. In the foreground you can just see the brass strip marking the edge of the Roman Castellum constructed in the year 47 C.E. This Roman Castellum is considered to be the origin of the city of Utrecht.

The two small streets in the city centre of Utrecht are very old. The south part of Domstraat even lies within the area of the Roman Castellum that was built in the year 47 C.E. It was one of the many fortresses the Romans built at their north border. Eventually this fortress and the settlement around it would evolve to become the city of Utrecht. The border of the castellum is marked in the pavement with a brass strip that lights up at night. The mediaeval streets were so narrow that Utrecht widened them already in 1905, so that modern traffic – which at the time was a tram – could use the streets. But even ‘widened’ (at 13 metres wide) the streets are not capable to provide a smooth flow of today’s motor traffic. So motor traffic was diverted and discouraged to use these smaller streets from the 1990s on. By creating a maze of one-way streets and by turning this part of the city into compartments that cannot be traversed in a car. I have shown this system in an earlier video.

The former end of Korte Jansstraat did not align with Domstraat (at the time called Domsteeg or Dom Alley) that you can see in the distance to the left. The two houses at the end of Korte Jansstraat were removed to widen Domstraat in 1905. The houses on the left hand side of Domstraat still exist today. (Picture circa 1904 Utrechts Archief)

Korte Jansstraat looking into Domstraat and the Dom cathedral in the distance, circa 1910. The street was widened mainly for the tram line and the tram tracks are clearly visible. The houses on the left hand side of Domstraat are now very visible. (Picture Utrechts Archief)

Domstraat looking south in 2014 after the reconstruction. The carriageway is now narrower than it was in 1910 and the side walks are wider. The city now designated this street mainly for cycling and walking. Street design is all about choices and priorities. The Houses on the left hand side are still the same ones you can already see in the 1904 picture.

The old-fashioned design of these two streets made them perfect for a TV series that was set in the 1950s. Filming took place in 2012. This film set gives us a glimpse of how the streets may have looked in that era. At the time the car was up and coming. Today the reconstructions of these streets and many others in the city centres of the Netherlands make clear that it is no longer possible to have private motor traffic use the small streets that were never designed for it. Most cities in the Netherlands made a clear choice to divert motor traffic around the city centres and to make these city centres much better places for walking and cycling to the benefit of all.

A portrait of Korte Jansstraat and Domstraat with a before and after comparison.

 A ride through Korte Jansstraat and Domstraat from beginning to end and back again, before and after the reconstruction.

The before pictures were filmed in September 2013 and the after pictures between February and April 2014.

Update: On the afternoon of the day this post was published I happened to be in this very street and it struck me how even more beautiful it looked on a sunny summer day.

On the day this post was published the street looked like this! Domstraat looking south into Korte Jansstraat.